When was the first immunization created

Pertussis vaccine development took considerably longer, with a whole cell vaccine first licensed for use in the US in Viral tissue culture methods developed from , and led to the advent of the Salk inactivated polio vaccine and the Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine.

Mass polio immunisation has now eradicated the disease from many regions around the world. Progess of polio elimination and Image:CDC. Attenuated strains of measles, mumps and rubella were developed for inclusion in vaccines.

Measles is currently the next possible target for elimination via vaccination. Despite the evidence of health gains from immunisation programmes there has always been resistance to vaccines in some groups. The late s and s marked a period of increasing litigation and decreased profitability for vaccine manufacture, which led to a decline in the number of companies producing vaccines.

The decline was arrested in part by the implementation of the National Vaccine Injury Compensation programme in the US in The legacy of this era lives on to the present day in supply crises and continued media efforts by a growing vociferous anti-vaccination lobby.

The past two decades have seen the application of molecular genetics and its increased insights into immunology, microbiology and genomics applied to vaccinology. February 1, U. November 24, FDA approved new injectable influenza vaccine, Fluad, for use in people age 65 years and older October 23, ACIP published recommendations for the use of serogroup B meningococcal vaccines in adolescents and young adults.

June 19, ACIP published recommendations for yellow fever booster doses. June 12, ACIP published recommendations for use of serogroup B meningococcal vaccines in people age ten years and older at increased risk for serogroup B meningococcal disease. June 8, American Medical Association adopted a new policy that supports ending non-medical vaccine exemptions, including those for healthcare professionals.

December 19, FDA approved Rapivab to treat influenza infection. December 11, FDA approved quadrivalent formulation of Fluzone Intradermal inactivated influenza vaccine. April 25, CDC report showed year U. March 24, FDA lowered age of licensure for Adacel vaccine administration from age 11 years to 10 years. November 15, CDC published new recommendations for use of Japanese encephalitisvaccine in children. August 1, FDA expanded age indication for Menveo Novartis to include infants and toddlers age 2 through 23 months.

June 14, CDC published recommendations for preventing measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps. May 17, Booster dose of yellow fever vaccine not needed, according to WHO.

A single dose of vaccine is effective in providing long-term protection from yellow fever. January 25, FDA approved use of Prevnar 13 vaccine in older children and teens years.

November 20, FDA approved first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology Flucelvax, Novartis. October 24, ACIP voted to recommend that pregnant women receive a dose of Tdap during each pregnancy irrespective of the patient's prior history of receiving Tdap. June 5, U. October 21, Addition of history of intussusception as a contraindication for rotavirus vaccination. August 25, National survey indicated HPV vaccine rates trail other teen vaccines. April 22, FDA approved the first vaccine Menactra, meningococcal conjugate vaccine, Sanofi Pasteur to prevent meningococcal disease in infants and toddlers.

February 15, HHS releases U. National Vaccine Plan, covers activities, goals, and priorities for July 10, First smallpox vaccine for certain immune-compromised populations delivered under Project BioShield.

February 24, FDA approved licensure of Pneumococcal valent conjugate vaccine PCV13 , which offers broader protections against Steptococcus pneumoniae infections. February 19, FDA approved licensure of Menveo Novartis , meningococcal conjugate vaccine for people ages 11 through 55 years.

February 24, FDA approved pneumococcal valent conjugate vaccine Prevnar 13 , which offers broader protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae. December 23, FDA approved high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine Fluzone High-Dose for people ages 65 years and older. October 21, Merck issued announcement that the company will not resume production of monovalent measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines.

October 16, FDA approved new indication for gardasil to prevent genital warts in men and boys. June 23, HHS announced advanced development contract for new way to make flu vaccine.

March 16, ACIP voted to recommend hepatitis A vaccination for close contacts of international adoptees from countries with high and intermediate endemicity. February 12, Vaccine Court ruled that MMR vaccine, when administered with thimerosal-containing vaccines, does not cause autism. December 11, FDA approved changes in the schedule for administering anthrax vaccine BioThrax, manufactured by Emergent BioSolutions and in the route of administration.

December 4, FDA approved expanded indication for use of Boostrix Tdap vaccine in people ages years. October 27, National Quality Forum included the hepatitis B birth dose among its consensus standards for improving health care for mothers and newborns. June 5, FDA approved the use of Sanofi Pasteur's Tenivac tetanus and diphtheria toxoids adsorbed for adults age 60 years and older.

In the original licensure, the age indication was for persons ages years. Rotarix is a liquid and given in a two-dose series to infants from 6 to 24 weeks of age. February 27, ACIP voted to expand influenza recommendation to include vaccination for children ages 6 months years. October 19, CDC published updated recommendations for prevention of hepatitis A virus infection after exposure and before international travel in MMWR.

October 18, FDA approved use of Menactra, a bacterial meningitis vaccine, in children age years. September 28, FDA approved Afluria, a new inactivated influenza vaccine for use in people age 18 years and older.

September 19, FDA approved use of FluMist nasal-spray influenza vaccine in children age years. June , ACIP voted to recommend routine use of meningococcal conjugate vaccine in adolescents ages years. April 17, FDA approves first U.

June 29, ACIP recommends second dose of varicella vaccine for children. May 25, FDA licensed a new vaccine to reduce the risk of shingles herpes zoster in the elderly.

Feb 3, Rotavirus vaccine, live, oral, pentavalent RotaTeq by Merck was licensed for use in infants ages 6 to 32 weeks. Dec 19, A final order on the anthrax vaccine was issued by FDA, stating that the licensed anthrax vaccine is safe and effective for the prevention of anthrax disease, regardless of the route of exposure.

Oct 18, FDA approved lowering the age limit to 12 mos for the remaining U. Havrix by GlaxoSmithKline. Oct 7, A new Federal Medicare rule became effective that required all long-term care facilities to offer annual vaccination for influenza and one-time vaccination for pneumococcal disease to all residents as a condition of participation in Medicare.

Sept 6, A vaccine that combined the measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella antigens Proquad by Merck was licensed. The vaccine was indicated for use in children 12 months to 12 years. The vaccine was indicated for adults 18 years of age and older.

Aug 11, FDA approved lowering the age limit to 12 mos for one of the two licensed hepatitis A vaccine Vaqta by Merck. May 3, An acellular pertussis vaccine combined with the adult formulation of tetanus and diphtheria Tdap: Boostrix by GSK was licensed for use as an active booster in persons years of age. This product became the first licensed acellular pertussis-containing vaccine with an indication for adolescents. March 21, CDC announced that rubella was no longer endemic in the U.

This marked the first meningococcal vaccine that was immunogenic and indicated for children younger than 2 years of age. Aug - Oct, A significant shortage of influenza vaccine occurred in the U. Chiron was expected to produce between 46 and 48 million doses of vaccine for the U. On Oct 4, , authorities in the U. May Contracts were awarded to Aventis Pasteur and to Chiron to develop vaccine against the H5N1 avian influenza virus. The report concluded that the body of epidemiological evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship between the MMR vaccine and thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism.

March 24, Tetanus and diphtheria toxoids adsorbed for adult use Decavac by Aventis Pasteur , preservative-free, was licensed. Durham, NC , Epimmune, Inc. The Act also empowered the Secretary of Health and Human Services to authorize the use of drugs and vaccines not licensed by the FDA in the event of an act of bioterrorism or other public health emergencies.

This live influenza A and B virus vaccine was indicated for healthy, non-pregnant persons ages years. Dec 13, A vaccine that combined the diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio, and hepatitis B antigens Pediarix by GlaxoSmithKline was licensed.

June 21, The European Region of the world was certified as polio-free. May 14, Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine Daptacel by Aventis Pasteur was licensed.

Feb 25, GlaxoSmithKline announced that the company would no longer manufacture or distribute its Lyme disease vaccine, LYMErix, because of insufficient sales of the vaccine.

Dec 13, President Bush announced a major smallpox vaccination program to protect the nation against the threat of potential biological warfare. The first phase of the program was targeted to , public health and healthcare personnel, however, the program stalled, with fewer than 40, health care workers and emergency responders vaccinated. Feb 17, A 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals was licensed for use in infants at 2, 4, 6 and months of age to prevent invasive pneumococcal disease Measles was declared no longer endemic in the U.

Dec 9, Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine Tripedia by Connaught was licensed. Oct 22, ACIP voted to withdraw their recommendation for rotavirus vaccine after investigating reports of intussusception a type of bowel obstruction that occurs when one part of the intestine folds into an immediately adjoining part in infants within the first two weeks of receipt of the vaccine. Intussusception was found to occur at a rate of approximately 1 case for every 5, children vaccinated.

Oct 16, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines voluntarily withdrew Rotashield from the market. Fall A meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine was introduced into the routine schedule in the U. A second phase was planned to begin in January , subject to availability of vaccine. The program's goal was to provide vaccines to children in the developing world and to accelerate research and development of new vaccines. The first vaccines purchased were Hib, hepatitis B, rotavirus, and pneumococcal, which were not commonly used in the developing world.

ACIP recommended that decisions on the use of the vaccine be made on the basis of assessment of individual risk, which included the extent of both person-tick contact and geographic risk. Aug 31, Rotavirus vaccine, live, oral, tetravalent RotaShield by Wyeth was licensed for use in infants at 2, 4, and 6 months of age.

July 29, Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed Certiva by North American Vaccine was licensed for primary and booster immunization of infants and children except as a 5th dose in children who have previously received 4 doses of DTaP. The trial involved more than 5, volunteers from the U. The HIV vaccine appeared to show a protective effect among non-Caucasian populations, especially African Americans, although sample sizes were small.

However, for the majority of the participants, who were Caucasians, the effect of the vaccine was minimal. FDAMA initiatives included measures to modernize the regulation of biological products. Specifically, changes included eliminating the need for establishment license applications, streamlining the approval processes for manufacturing changes, and reducing the need for environmental assessment as part of a product application.

Jan 29, Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed Infanrix by SmithKline Beecham was licensed for the first four doses of the series. Dec 30, Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine Acel-Imune by Lederle was licensed for use as the first through fifth doses in the series. July 31, Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine adsorbed Tripedia by Aventis Pasteur was licensed for primary and booster immunization of infants.

Oct 2, A combined Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate and hepatitis B vaccine Comvax by Merck was licensed. Mar 29, A second inactivated hepatitis A vaccine Vaqta by Merck was licensed. Mar 17, Varicella virus vaccine, live Varivax by Merck was licensed for the active immunization of persons 12 months of age and older.

Nov 28, Typhoid Vi polysaccharide inactivated injectable polysaccharide vaccine Typhim Vi by Aventis Pasteur was licensed. NIP was established to provide federal leadership and services to all local and state public health departments involved in immunization activities e.

May 1, The costs of influenza vaccine and its administration became a covered benefit under Medicare Part B. Federally-purchased vaccines under this program were made available to children from birth through 18 years of age who met one of the following requirements: Medicaid-enrolled, without health insurance, and American Indian or Alaskan native. Also, children with health insurance that did not cover the costs of immunization were eligible to receive vaccines at a federally-qualified health center or a rural health clinic.

All ACIP recommended vaccines received funding, which included new vaccines, new vaccine combinations, and revised recommendations for vaccine use. JE is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. WHO acts as a facilitator for the development of new JE vaccines that are safer, require fewer doses, and are more suitable for public health use, in particular, in disease-endemic developing countries.

Sept 20, Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine Tripedia by Connaught was licensed for use as the fourth and fifth doses in the series. Dec 17, Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine Acel-Imune by Lederle was licensed for use as the fourth and fifth doses in the series. During the mid- to lates, a high proportion of reported measles cases were in school-aged children years who had been appropriately vaccinated.

These vaccine failures led to national recommendations for a second dose of measles-containing vaccine. NVICP was intended to serve as an alternative to civil litigation. The law established a Vaccine Injury Table that provided a list of compensable vaccination events and, for each, an associated time period requirement. Using recombinant DNA technology, Merck scientists developed a hepatitis B surface antigen subunit vaccine.

The Act required healthcare providers and vaccine manufacturers to report to the Department of Health and Human Services specific adverse events following the administration of measles, mumps, rubella, polio, pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus vaccine and any combinations thereof.

The vaccine was recommended routinely for children at 24 months of age and for children at 15 months of age enrolled in child care facilities. Sept 1, The costs of hepatitis B vaccine and its administration became a covered benefit under Medicare Part B.

These vaccines included 23 purified capsular polysaccharide antigens of Streptococcus pneumoniae and replaced the valent polysaccharide vaccine licensed in Both had independently developed plasma-based hepatitis B viral vaccines. Because this and other polysaccharide meningococcal vaccines were found to induce a relatively poor immune response in children younger than two years and not able to elicit long-term immunologic memory, their use was limited to persons 2 years of age and older.

July 1, The costs of pneumococcal vaccine and its administration became a covered benefit under Medicare Part B. May 8, The World Health Assembly certified the world free of naturally-occurring smallpox. The source of the outbreak was determined to have been brought over to the U. Oct 26, The last case of naturally-acquired smallpox occurred in the Merca District of Somalia.

Califano, Jr. Apr 2, The first monovalent group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine Merck was licensed. It was responsible for the regulation of all biologics, including serums, vaccines, and blood products. Apr 22, Combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine MMR by Merck as well as combined measles and rubella vaccine M-R-Vax by Merck were licensed; the vaccine was developed by Maurice Hilleman and colleagues at Merck.

During the first year of the program, 44 countries, 31 of which had endemic smallpox, reported , cases. Dec 28, Mumps virus vaccine live MumpsVax by Merck was licensed. The vaccine was developed by Maurice Hilleman who isolated a wild type virus from his daughter, Jeryl Lynn, who was recovering from mumps. It became known as the Jeryl Lynn strain of mumps virus. The recommended age for routine administration was changed from 9 to 12 months of age. Public Health Service was formed to review the recommended childhood immunization schedule and note changes in manufacturers' vaccine formulations, revise recommendations for the use of licensed vaccines, and make recommendations for newly licensed vaccines.

June 25, Trivalent oral polio vaccine was licensed. The vaccine development began in by Albert Sabin to improve upon the killed Salk vaccine. The grants, authorized under section of the Public Health Service Act, were made to states to provide funds to purchase vaccines and to support basic functions of an immunization program.

The only vaccines available at the time were DTP, polio, and smallpox. Mar 21, The first live virus measles vaccine Rubeovax by Merck was licensed.

These vaccines were eventually withdrawn from the U. Kennedy signed the the Vaccination Assistance Act into law. It allowed the CDC to support mass immunization campaigns and to initiate maintenance programs.

Mar 27, Oral polio vaccine type 3 was licensed in the U. Albert Sabin and grown in monkey kidney cell culture, were licensed for use in the U. It allowed Congress to appropriate funds to the Communicable Disease Center later the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to help states and local communities acquire and administer vaccine. One day later, five more cases were reported. All cases had received vaccine produced by Cutter Laboratories.

Polio was reported in 94 vaccinees and in close contacts of vaccinees. On April 27, the Laboratory of Biologics Control requested that Cutter Laboratories recall all vaccine and the company did so immediately.

On May 7, the Surgeon General recommended that all polio vaccinations be suspended pending inspection of each manufacturing facility and thorough review of the procedures for testing vaccine safety.

The investigation found that live polio virus had survived in two batches of vaccine produced by Cutter Laboratories. In , as a result of the Cutter Incident, the Laboratory of Biologics Control was raised to division status within NIH, to strengthen and expand its biologics control function.

Large-scale polio vaccinations resumed in the fall of Apr 12, The first polio vaccine was licensed -- an inactivated poliovirus vaccine IPV pioneered by Dr. Jonas Salk. July 16, Heat-phenol inactivated typhoid vaccine by Wyeth was licensed. This medical miracle, rediscovered by Alexander Fleming in , was capable of attacking many types of disease-causing bacteria. It played a vital role in treating infected wounds during World War II.

The influenza vaccine was licensed in and, following the war, was also used for civilians. Roosevelt, a victim of polio, founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, later known as the March of Dimes.

Much later, in , the Division was transferred to the FDA. The development of the chorioallantoic membrane for culturing viruses had led to its development. In , Gaston Ramon discovered diphtheria toxoid. Along with the discovery of antitoxins, Ramon uncovered the role of adjuvant substances of immunity. This virus was unusual because it spread so quickly, was so deadly, and exacted its worse toll among the young and healthy.

Inactivated vaccines were prepared with a microorganism or virus that had been killed, usually with a chemical such as formaldehyde. April 5, The Biologics Control Act was formed. It included the regulation of vaccine and antitoxin producers and required both licensing and inspections of manufacturers.

The standards imposed by the Act resulted in bankruptcy for one-third of the companies manufacturing antitoxins and vaccines while benefiting the manufacturers already in compliance.

Ten firms held licenses with the Laboratory of Hygiene following the Act. Louis, 13 children died of tetanus-contaminated diphtheria antitoxin. In the autumn of , nine children in Camden, New Jersey, died from tainted smallpox vaccine.

Efforts to ensure the purity of biological treatments by government oversight followed with the Biologics Control Act of After demonstrating protection from disease in immunized animals, Yersin went to China with the vaccine to protect humans during a plague epidemic. Passive serum therapies were developed through the scientific contributions of many, including Emil Von Behring who developed the first effective therapeutic serum against diphtheria and Paul Ehrlich who developed enrichment and standardization protocol, which allowed for an exact determination of quality of the diphtheria antitoxins.

He was director of the Laboratory of Hygiene, which moved to Washington, D. Kinyoun brought the latest techniques such as the procedure for preparing diphtheria antitoxin back from his visits to Europe. Two years earlier, in , he had first speculated that protection from smallpox disease could be obtained through inoculation with a related virus, vaccinia or cowpox. He tested his theory by inoculating eight-year-old James Phipps with cowpox pustule liquid recovered from the hand of a milkmaid, Sarah Nelmes.

It provided hospital care for merchant seamen and protected port cities against diseases such as smallpox, cholera, and yellow fever. Variations of variolation have been noted in Turkey, Africa, China, and Europe. This page was reviewed on August 9, Related Resources Interactive website from the College of Physicians of Philadelphia History of Medicine NLM collects, preserves, makes available, and interprets for diverse audiences one of the world's richest collections of historical material related to human health and disease.

Immunization Action Coalition. Sign up for email newsletter. ACIP Recommendations. Package Inserts. Additional Immunization Resources. Adult Vaccination. Screening Checklists. Ask the Experts.

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IAC Express. Vaccine Information Statements. View All Materials. Pregnancy and Vaccines. Top Handouts. Topic Index. Vaccine Index. Schedules for Patients. Since the mids, many vaccines have been added to the schedule. The result is that the vaccine schedule has become more complicated than it once was, and children are receiving far more shots than before see Vaccine Safety for answers to the questions: "Are vaccines safe? Now, children could receive as many as 27 shots by 2 years of age and up to six shots in a single visit.

However, in the same way that the DTaP and MMR vaccines were combined, new combinations are being made to reduce the number of shots. Used in different age groups of children, the following combinations of vaccines are now available:. Adolescents, like adults, were recommended to get tetanus boosters every 10 years; most requiring their first booster dose around age Other than this, however, most adolescents did not require additional vaccines unless they missed one in childhood.

By , vaccines specifically recommended for adolescents were only recommended for sub-groups based on where they lived or medical conditions that they had. However, a new group of vaccines became available in the latter part of the decade.

Most adults think only of the tetanus booster recommended every 10 years and even then, many adults only get the vaccine if they injure themselves.

In , the Tdap vaccine was licensed as an improved version of the typical tetanus booster, Td. The newer version also contains a component to protect against pertussis whooping cough.

All adults, especially those who are going to be around young infants, should get the Tdap vaccine. Adults often unwittingly pass pertussis to young infants for whom the disease can be fatal. In , the CDC recommended that Tdap or Td vaccine could be used for booster dosing every 10 years.

Influenza vaccines, available since the s, are now recommended for most adults. Vaccines like MMR and chickenpox are recommended for adults who have not had the diseases, and vaccines including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, pneumococcus, and meningococcus are recommended for sub-groups of the adult population.

The HPV vaccine became available in In , the license was expanded to include people up to 45 years of age. Two doses of this vaccine, separated by two to six months, are recommended for people 50 years and older. In , Zostavax was no longer available. Most adults were recommended to get this vaccine, but limited supplies required adults to be assigned to eligibility groups in order to protect those most at risk first.